Concrete Terms and Industry Terminology
V-Seal is a manufacturer and distributor of concrete sealers, concrete
sealers, cement sealer, coatings and special kinds of sealers such
as epoxy based compounds. As such, we realize that many times concrete
related terms and concrete definitions can get confusing.
When you are unsure, a Free call or E-mail to us at 877-73V-SEAL
[877- 738-7325 ] info@vseal.com will help clear up what you are seeing
and hearing especially in regards to your concrete, cement, gunnite,
grout, brick, stucco and cementious projects
A+B Contract – Concrete placement; Cost-plus-time bidding
process where each contractor includes a time cost bid along with
their construction bid and the contractor selected has the lowest
combined bid total.
AASHO - American Association of State Highway Officials, for
the Concrete Industry
AASHTO - American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials, Concrete Industry
Abrasion - The process of wearing down or rubbing away by
means of friction on concrete surfaces.
Absolute Volume (of ingredients of concrete or mortar)
- The displacement volume of an ingredient of concrete or mortar;
in the case of solids, the volume of the particles themselves, including
their permeable or impermeable voids but excluding space between particles;
in the case of fluids, the volume which they occupy in concrete.
Absorption - The amount of water absorbed in concrete under
specific conditions, usually expressed as a percentage of the dry
weight of the material; the process by which the water is absorbed
in concrete.
Accelerators: An admixture which, when added to concrete,
mortar, or grout, increases the rate of hydration of hydraulic cement,
shortens the time of set in concrete, or increases the rate of hardening
or strength development.
ACI - American Concrete Institute, For the Concrete Industry
ACPA - American Concrete Pavement Association
ACR - Alkali-Carbonate Reaction usually in Concrete applications
Adhesion - A property of soil which causes the particles to
stick together. Necessary for concrete overlays
Adhesion Loss - The loss of bond between a joint sealant
material and the concrete joint face noted by physical separation
of the sealant from either or both joint faces.
Adhesives - The group of materials used to join or bond similar
or dissimilar materials; for example, in concrete work, the epoxy
resins.
Admixture: A material other than water, aggregates, or cement
that is used as an ingredient of concrete or mortar to control setting
and early hardening, workability, or to provide additional cementing
properties.
Aggregate - Stone or gravel that was crushed and screened
to various sizes for use in concrete, asphalt or road surfaces used
in concrete repairs and new concrete placements.
Agitator - A device for maintaining plasticity and preventing
segregation of mixed concrete by agitation
Air Content - The amount of air in mortar or concrete, exclusive
of pore space in the aggregate particles, usually expressed as a percentage
of total volume of mortar or concrete.
Air Void - A space in cement paste, mortar, or concrete filled
with air; an entrapped air void is characteristically 1 mm or more
in size and irregular in shape; an entrained air void is typically
between 10 m and 1 mm in diameter and spherical (or nearly so).
Air-Entraining - The capabilities of a material or process
to develop a system of minute bubbles of air in cement paste, mortar,
or concrete during mixing.
Air-Entraining Agent - An addition for hydraulic cement or
an admixture for concrete or mortar which causes air, usually in small
quantity, to be incorporated in the form of minute bubbles in the
concrete or mortar during mixing, usually to increase its workability
and frost resistance.
Air-Entraining Cement – A cement that has an air-entraining
agenda added during the grinding phase of manufacturing to assist
concrete durability in cold environments
Air-Entrainment - The inclusion of air in the form of minute
bubbles during the mixing of concrete or mortar.
Alkali-Aggregate Reaction - Chemical reaction in mortar or
concrete between alkalis (sodium and potassium) released from portland
cement or from other sources, and certain compounds present in the
aggregates; under certain conditions, harmful expansion of the concrete
or mortar may be produced
Alkali-Carbonate Reaction - The reaction between the alkalies
(sodium and potassium) in portland cement binder and certain carbonate
rocks, particularly calcite dolomite and dolomitic limestones, present
in some aggregates; the products of the reaction may cause abnormal
expansion and cracking of concrete in service.
Alkali-Silica Reaction [ ASR ]- The reaction between the alkalies
(sodium and potassium) in portland cement binder and certain siliceous
rocks or minerals, such as opaline chert, strained quartz, and acisic
volcanic glass, present in some aggregates; the products of the reaction
may cause abnormal expansion and cracking of concrete in service
Amplitude - The total vertical distance the vibrating drum
or plate is displaced from a resting or neutral position from the
eccentric moment in the concrete industry.
Area of Steel - The cross-sectional area of the reinforcing
bars in or for a given concrete cross section.
Articulate - To fit together into a coherent whole; unify
for concrete placement.
ASTM - American Society for Testing Materials. Ex; Concrete
core sample testing
Backfill - Materials used in refilling a cut or other excavation,
or the act of such refilling after the concrete foundation pour.
Bag (of cement) - A quantity of cement; 42.6 kg in the United
States, 39.7 kg in Canada; portland or air-entraining portland cement,
or as indicated on the bag for other kinds of cement to make concrete.
Ballast - Heavy material, such as water, sand or metal which
has no function in a machine except to increase its weight. Most often
used in concrete mixers
Bank - A mass of soil rising above an average level. Generally,
any soil which is to be dug from its natural position. Sometimes over
the concrete surface plate
Bank Gravel - A natural mixture of cobbles, gravel, sand and
fines for concrete.
Bar - A member used to reinforce concrete, usually made of
steel.
Base - The course or layer of materials in a roadway section
on which the actual pavement is placed. It may be of different types
of materials ranging from selected soils to crushed stone or gravel.
Batch - Quantity of concrete or mortar mixed at one time.
Batch Weights - The weights of the various materials (cement,
water, the several sizes of aggregate, and admixtures) that compose
a batch of concrete.
Berm - An artificial ridge of earth, generally side-slopes
of a roadbed made of concrete
Binder - Fines which fill voids or hold gravel together when
dry. Hardened cement paste in concrete
Bleed: To have water seep to the surface of the cement paste
due to settling making a weak concrete surface
Bleeding - The self-generated flow of mixing water within,
or its emergence from, freshly placed concrete or mortar.
Blistering - The irregular rising of a thin layer of placed
mortar or concrete at the surface during or soon after completion
of the finished operation
Bond Breaker - A material used to prevent adhesion of newly
placed concrete from other material, such as a substrate.
Bonded Concrete Overlay - Thin layer of new concrete (2-4
inches) placed onto slightly deteriorated existing concrete pavement
with steps taken to prepare old surface to promote adherence of new
concrete.
Borrow Pit - An excavation from which fill material is taken.
Usually for Concrete below grade backfill
BPR - U.S. Bureau of Public Roads for the Concrete and Asphalt
Industry
Broom - The surface texture obtained by stroking a broom over
freshly placed concrete. A sandy texture obtained by brushing the
surface of freshly placed or slightly hardened concrete with a stiff
broom.
Bug Holes - Small regular or irregular cavities, usually not
exceeding 15 mm in diameter, resulting from entrapment of air bubbles
in the surface of formed concrete during placement and compaction.
Bull Float - A tool comprising a large, flat, rectangular
piece of wood, aluminum, or magnesium usually 20 cm wide and 100 to
150 cm long, and a handle 1 to 5 m in length used to smooth unformed
surfaces of freshly placed concrete.
Burlap - A coarse fabric of jute, hemp, or less commonly flax,
for use as a water-retaining cover for curing concrete surfaces; also
called Hessian
Butt Joint - A plain square joint between two concrete slabs.
BUREC - U.S. Bureau of Reclamation with regards to Concrete
and Asphalt
Calcination: Decomposition due to the loss of bound water
and carbon dioxide. Happens in Concrete aging
Calcium Chloride - A crystalline solid, CaC12; in various
technical grades, used as a drying agent for concrete, as an accelerator
of concrete, a deicing chemical, and for other purposes.
Capillary - A phenomenon of soil which allows water to be
absorbed either upward or laterally sometimes affecting concrete performance.
Carbonation - Reaction between carbon dioxide and the products
of portland cement hydration to produce calcium carbonate. Yielding
weak concrete
Cast-In-Place - Concrete placed and finished in its final
location.
Cavitation - The sudden formation and collapse of low pressure
bubbles in liquids by means of mechanical force dramatically affecting
the performance of concrete substrates
Cement: Finely powdered mixtures of inorganic compounds which
when combined with water hardens with hydration and makes concrete
as we know it.
Cement-Aggregate Ratio - The ratio, by weight or volume, of
cement to aggregate in concrete.
Cement Content - Quantity of cement contained in a unit volume
of concrete or mortar, ordinarily expressed as pounds, barrels, or
bags per cubic yard.
Cement Paste - Constituent of concrete consisting of cement
and water.
Cement: Finely powdered mixtures of inorganic compounds which
when combined with water hardens with hydration making cement.
Checking - Development of shallow cracks at closely spaced
but irregular intervals on the surface of mortar or concrete.
Chipping - Treatment of a hardened concrete surface by chiseling
away a portion of material.
Clay: Type of soil consisting of very fine particles, sometimes
as a maverick in concrete
Clean - Free of foreign material; in reference to sand or
gravel, lack of a binder in concrete.
Clinker: The material that emerges from the cement kiln after
burning. It is in the form of dark, porous nodules which are ground
with a small amount of gypsum to give cement its chemical makeup.
Cold Joint - A discontinuity produced when the concrete surface
hardens before the next batch is placed against it.
Compacted Yards - Measurement of soil or rock after it is
placed and compacted in a fill under concrete.
Compression: Forces acting inwardly on a body, important in
concrete construction
Compressibility - A property of soil which permits deformation
when subjected to a load, ie. concrete.
Compression Test - Test made on a specimen of mortar or concrete
to determine the compressive strength; in the United States, unless
otherwise specified, compression tests of mortars are made on 50-mm
cubes, and compression tests of concrete are made on cylinders 152
mm in diameter and 305 mm high.
Compressive Strength - The measured resistance of a concrete
or mortar specimen to axial loading; expressed as pounds per square
inch (psi) of cross-sectional area.
Concrete: A hard compact building material formed when a mixture
of cement, sand, gravel, and water undergoes hydration
Contraction Joint - A plane, usually vertical, separating
concrete in a structure of pavement, at a designated location such
as to prevent formation of objectionable shrinkage cracks elsewhere
in the concrete. Reinforcing steel is discontinuous.
Corner Break - A portion of the concrete slab separated by
a crack that intersects the adjacent transverse or longitudinal joints
at about a 45º angle with the direction of traffic. The length
of the sides is usually from 0.3 meters to one-half of the concrete
slab width on each side of the crack.
Core - A cylindrical piece of an underground formation, cut
and raised by a rotary drill with a bit. The impervious center of
an earth fill dam. Relative to concrete, a test sample usually 4x4”
or 6x6”
Cracking - The process of contraction or the reflection of
stress in the concrete pavement.
Crazing - Minute surface pattern cracks in mortar or concrete
due to unequal shrinkage or contraction on drying or cooling.
Crown - The elevation of a road surface at its edges, concrete
or asphalt to encourage drainage.
Crusting - A problem in the concrete surface that happens
when the surface of freshly placed concrete dries too quickly, many
times due to direct sun, high wind, or high temperatures.
Cure: To keep concrete moist during initial hardening
Curing - The maintenance of a satisfactory moisture content
and temperature in concrete during its early stages so that desired
properties may develop.
Curing Blanket - A built-up covering of sacks, matting, Hessian,
straw, waterproof paper, or other suitable material placed over freshly
finished concrete. See also Burlap.
Curing Compound - A liquid that can be applied as a coating
to the surface of newly placed concrete to retard the loss of water
or, in the case of pigmented compounds, also to reflect heat so as
to provide an opportunity for the concrete to develop its properties
in a favorable temperature and moisture environment. See also Curing
Datum - Any level surface taken as a plane of reference from
which to measure elevations in concrete structures.
Density - The ratio of weight of a substance to its volume.
Used in concrete material measurements
Deterioration - 1) Physical manifestation of Concrete failure
(e.g., cracking delamination, flaking, pitting, scaling, spalling,
staining) caused by environmental or internal autogenous influences
on rock and hardened concrete as well as other materials; 2) decomposition
of material during either testing or exposure to service. See also
Disintegration and Weathering.
Diamond Grinding - The process used to remove the upper surface
of a concrete pavement to remove bumps and restore pavement ride ability;
also, equipment using many diamond-impregnated saw blades on a shaft
or arbor to shave the surface of concrete slabs.
Diaphragm - A part that divides or separates, sometimes in
concrete wall construction.
Displacement - A dislocation caused by a slipping of rock
masses along a concrete plane of fracture.
Dormancy period: Time period that concrete retains it workability
Efflorescence - Deposit of calcium carbonate (or other salts),
usually white in color, appearing upon the concrete or paver surface
or found within the near-surface pores of concrete substrates. The
salts deposit on concrete upon evaporation of water that carries the
dissolved salts through the concrete toward exposed surfaces.
Elasticity - A characteristic of concrete which allows deformation
during a subjected load, but returns almost to its original configuration
after removal of the force.
Entrained Air - Round, uniformly distributed, microscopic,
non-coalescing air bubbles entrained by the use of air-entraining
agents; usually less than 1 mm in size in concrete
Entrapped Air - Air in concrete that is not purposely entrained.
Entrapped air is generally considered to be large voids (larger than
1 mm).
Exposed Aggregate - Surface texture where cement paste is
washed away from concrete slab surface to expose durable chip-size
aggregates for the riding surface
Fines - Clay or silt particles in soil often found in a concrete
mix
Finish Grade - The final grade required by specifications
for concrete placements.
Floating - Floating removes humps (high spots) in concrete
fat work and fills in valleys (low spots). It also compacts the concrete
by embedding large aggregate just beneath the surface and consolidating
mortar at the surface in preparation for other finishing operations.
Forms: Holders in which concrete is placed to harden
Fly Ash - The finely divided residue resulting from the combustion
of ground or powdered coal and which is transported from the fire
box through the boiler by flu gasses; Used as mineral admixture in
concrete mixtures.
Grade - Usually the surface elevation of the ground at points
where it meets a structure. Also, surface slope. Important in Concrete
placement
Granular Material - A sandy type of soil with particles that
are coarser than cohesive material and do not stick to each other.
Can help or hinder concrete mix designs
Gravel - A cohesion less aggregate of rock fragments with
varying dimensions of 3.0 to .08 inches. Critical in the design mix
of concrete
Green Concrete - Concrete that has set but not appreciably
hardened.
Grout - A mixture of cementitious material and water, with
or without aggregate, proportioned to produce a pour able consistency
without segregation of the constituents; also, a mixture of other
composition but of similar consistency. See also Neat Cement Grout
and Sand Grout, but not concrete
Gumbo - Material in the plastic state identified by a soapy
or waxy appearance before setting into concrete.
Gunnite - Gunnite is “mortar conveyed through a hose
and pneumatically projected at High velocity on to a surface”
Why is it different from conventional concrete? Unlike conventional
concrete, which is first placed and then compacted (vibrated) in a
second operation, gunnite undergoes placement and compaction at the
same time due to the force with which it is projected from the nozzle.
Because of this it is more dense, homogeneous, strong and waterproof
than any other process. Gunnite is not placed in forms, it can be
impacted onto any type of shape Of surface, including vertical or
overhead.
Gypsum: Calcium sulfate dihydrate, CaSO4.2H2O added to cement
before it’s concrete to regulate setting.
Hairline Cracking - Barely visible cracks in random pattern
in an exposed concrete surface which do not extend to the full depth
or thickness of the concrete, and which are due primarily to drying
shrinkage
Hardener - A chemical applied to concrete floors to reduce
wearing and dusting
Heavy-Weight Concrete - Concrete in which heavy aggregate
is used to increase the density of the concrete; unit weights in the
range of 165 to 330 pounds per cubic foot are attained.
Holiday - An area in a diamond ground usually concrete surface
that is not ground because the head on the diamond grinding equipment
does not cut deep enough to touch a low spot in the surface.
Honeycomb - Concrete that, due to lack of the proper amount
of fines or vibration, contains abundant interconnected large voids
or cavities; concrete that contains honeycombs was improperly consolidated
Hydration: The reaction of cement with water to form a chemical
compound in concrete development.
Hydrophobic .......repels water, ex. Concrete Sealers can
make concrete substrates hydrophobic
Hydrolysis ...decomposition of a chemical compound by reaction
with water; ex. Sun and abrasion caused a hydrolysis on the concrete
surface
Hydrous ... containing water, like a concrete mix design
Impeller - An object that drives forward; propels. Concrete
Sealer Penetrants are impellers for concrete
Impervious - Resistant to movement of water. Sealers can make
Concrete impervious to fluids
In Situ - Natural undisturbed soil in place. Important in
concrete construction
Joint - A plane of weakness to control contraction cracking
in concrete pavements. A joint can be initiated in plastic concrete
or green concrete and shaped with later process.
Kiln: High temperature oven, used in Concrete Paver and Clay
brick manufacturing
Laitance - A layer of weak material containing cement and
fines from aggregates, brought to the top of overwet concrete, the
amount of which is generally increased by overworking and over-manipulating
concrete at the surface by improper finishing on the concrete surface
Lean Concrete - Concrete of low cement content.
Lift - A layer of fill as spread on compacted for concrete
substrate work.
Liquid Sealant - Sealant materials that install in liquid
form and cool or cure concrete to their final properties; rely on
long-term adhesion to the joint reservoir faces.
Limestone: Mineral rock of calcium carbonate present in concrete
in many stages.
Liquid Limit - The water content at which concrete passes
from a plastic to a liquid state.
Loam - A soft, easily worked soil containing sand, silt, clay
and decayed vegetation. Bad foundation for concrete base construction
Membrane – A topical or film like coating usually over
a concrete surface to provide protection and enhance color. Typically
clear plastic like acrylic, polyurethane or epoxy.
Membrane Curing - A process that involves either liquid sealing
compound (e.g., bituminous and paraffinic emulsions, coal tar cut-backs,
pigmented and non-pigmented resin suspensions, or suspensions of wax
and drying oil) or non-liquid protective coating (e.g., sheet plastics
or "waterproof" paper), both of which types function as
films to restrict evaporation of mixing water from the fresh concrete
surface.
Mix - The act or process of mixing; also mixture of materials,
such as mortar or concrete
Moisture Barrier - A vapor barrier used under concrete to
deter moisture vapor transmission migration.
Mortar: Cement paste mixed with sand, but not concrete, absence
of large aggregate
NCHRP - National Cooperative Highway Research Program Concrete
structures, etc, D.O.T.
Neat Cement Grout – Grout/Concrete consisting of portland
cement and water. Grout is not Concrete
No-Slump Concrete - Concrete with a slump of 6 mm or less.
See also Zero-slump Concrete
NRMCA - National Ready Mixed Concrete Association for the
Concrete Industry
Optimum Moisture Content - That percent of moisture at which
the greatest density of a soil can be obtained through compaction.
Too much moisture in soil content can create major problems for concrete
slab placements, moisture prevention practices should be taken
Overlay - The addition of a new material layer onto an existing
concrete surface. See also Decorative Concrete, Concrete Stamping,
Concrete Acid Staining, Colored Concrete
Pass - A working trip or passage of an excavating, grading
or compaction machine from point A to point B. (One direction only.)
Prep for large concrete warehouse like flat work environments
Paste - Constituent of concrete consisting of cement and water,
not quite concrete, absence of aggregate
PCA - Portland Cement Association for the Concrete Industry
Permeability - A characteristic of concrete which allows water
to flow through it because of gravity.
Pitting - A localized disintegration taking the form of cavities
at the surface of concrete.
Placement - The process of placing and consolidating concrete;
a quantity of concrete placed and finished during a continuous operation;
also inappropriately referred to as Pouring.
Plain Concrete - Concrete without reinforcement.
Plastic - The ability of concrete to comfortably worked at
a certain moisture content.
Plastic Cracking - Cracking that occurs in the surface of
fresh concrete soon after it is placed and while it is still plastic.
Plastic Shrinkage Cracking - Cracks, usually parallel and
only a few inches deep and several feet long, in the surface(s) of
concrete pavement that are the result of rapid moisture loss through
evaporation.
Plasticity - That property of fresh concrete or mortar which
determines its resistance to deformation or its ease of molding.
Plastic Limit - The lowest moisture content at which concrete
can be worked and stay within placement guidelines.
Popout - Pit or crater in the surface of concrete resulting
from cracking of the mortar due to expansive forces associated with
a particle of unsound aggregate or a contaminating material, such
as wood or glass.
Porosity: The amount of empty space in concrete.
Portland cement: A cement consisting predominantly of calcium
silicates which reacts with water to form a hard mass, then transforming
into a concrete or cementious product.
Pozzolan cement: Volcanic rock powdered and used in making
hydraulic cement / concrete.
Profile - Preparing a concrete surface to receive the texture
or grit before sealer/coatings applications.
PSI - 1) Pounds per square inch; a measure of the compressive,
tensile or flexural strength of concrete as determined by appropriate
test. 2) In pavements, the Performance Serviceability Index.
Proctor - A method developed by R.R. Proctor for determining
the density/moisture relationship in soils. Important in concrete
base construction. It is almost universally used to determine the
maximum density of any soil so that specifications may be properly
prepared for field construction requirements.
Quicksand - Fine sand or silt that is prevented from settling
firmly together by upward movement of underground water. Devastating
in concrete base construction.
Reactive-Aggregate - Aggregate containing certain silica or
carbonate compounds that are capable of reacting with alkalis in portland
cement, in some cases producing damaging expansion of concrete.
Reinforced Concrete - Concrete containing adequate reinforcement
(prestressed or not prestressed) and designed on the assumption that
the two materials act together in resisting forces.
Retardants: Admixtures that increase the setting time in concrete
by slowing down hydration.
Sand - A cohesiveness aggregate of round and angular fragments
of rock with a particle size between 2.0 and .05 mm. Used in Mortar,
Grout and Concrete
Saw Cut - A cut in hardened concrete utilizing diamond or
silicone-carbide blades or discs for cutting concrete.
Scaling - Flaking or peeling away of the near-surface portion
of hydraulic cement, concrete or mortar
Screed - 1) To strike off concrete lying above the desired
plane or shape. 2) A tool for striking off the concrete surface, sometimes
referred to as a Strikeoff.
Sealant – A penetrating, topical or water curing method
to assist concrete for a maximum set and hardness
Set: Transformation of cement paste or concrete from a fluid-like
consistency to a stiff mass.
Settlement Shrinkage - A reduction in volume of concrete prior
to the final set of cementitious mixtures; caused by settling of the
solids and decreases in volume due to the chemical combination of
water with cement. See Plastic Shrinkage.
Shrinkage Crack - Crack from restraint of volume reduction
due to shrinkage or temperature contraction; usually occurring within
the first few days after placement of concrete.
Silicone - A resin, characterized by water-repellent properties,
in which the main polymer chain consists of alternating silicon and
oxygen atoms, with carbon-containing side groups; silicones may be
used in joint sealing compounds, caulking or coating compounds, or
admixtures for concrete.
Silt - Soil material composed of particles between .005 and
.05 mm in diameter. Not a good substrate for concrete placement
Slump - A measure of consistency of freshly mixed concrete,
equal to the subsidence measured to the nearest 1/4-inch (6-mm) of
the molded specimen immediately after removal of the slump cone.
Slump test: Test used to determine concrete workability.
Soil - The loose surface material of the earth's crust, the
base for most concrete construction
Spalling, Compression - Cracking, breaking, chipping, or fraying
of concrete slab edges within 0.6 meter of a transverse joint.
Spalling, Sliver - Chipping of concrete edge along a joint
sealant; usually within 12 millimeters of the joint edge.
Spalling, Surface - Cracking, breaking, chipping, or fraying
of concrete slab surface; usually within a confined area less than
0.5 square meters.
Stabilize - To make soil form and prevent it from moving.
Necessary for solid foundation before concrete placement
Static - Having no motion; being at rest. Concrete cracks
can be static
Sub-base - The layer of material placed to furnish strength
to the base of a concrete or asphalt road.
Sub grade - The surface produced by grading native earth,
or cheap imported materials which serve as a base for more expensive
paving. Necessary for concrete and asphalt finished road materials
Tension: The stress resulting from elongation in concrete
Trowel - A flat, broad-bladed steel hand tool used in the
final stages of concrete finishing operations to impart a relatively
smooth surface to concrete floors and other unformed concrete surfaces;
also, a flat triangular-bladed tool used for applying mortar to masonry
and concrete substrates.
Vibrated Concrete - Concrete compacted by vibration during
and after placing
Viscosity - The amount of resistance to flow, thick or thin.
Concrete Sealers have different viscosity
Water-Cement Ratio - The ratio of the amount of water, exclusive
only of that absorbed by the aggregates, to the amount of portland
cement in a concrete or mortar mixture; preferably stated as a decimal
by weight.
Water-Cementitious Ratio - The ratio of the amount of water,
exclusive only of that absorbed by the aggregates, to the amount of
portland cement and other cementitious material (fly ash, pozzolan,
etc.) in a concrete or mortar mixture; preferably stated as a decimal
by weight.
Whitetopping - Concrete overlay pavement placed on an existing
asphalt pavement.
Workability: How easily fresh concrete can be placed and consolidated
in forms.
Xylene – A solvent used in concrete sealers and to remove
acrylics from concrete pavers
Yield - The volume of fresh concrete produced from a known
quantity of ingredients; the total weight of ingredients divided by
the unit weight of the freshly mixed concrete.
Zero-Slump Concrete - Concrete of stiff or extremely dry consistency
showing no measurable slump after removal of the slump cone. See also
Slump and No-Slump Concrete.
And many more concrete terms, slang, definitions, interpretations,
opinions and facts !
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